ReferenceID 6346
Theobromine enhances the conversion of white adipocytes into beige adipocytes in a PPARγ activation-dependent manner
J Nutr Biochem
The adipocytes play an important role in driving the obese-state-white adipose tissue (WAT) stores the excess energy as fat, wherein brown adipose tissue (BAT) is responsible for energy expenditure via the thermoregulato
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Record Fields
Scalar fields from the final reference record.
- Reference Id
- 6346
- Evidence Id
- 22936
- Core Evidence Id
- 22936
- Source Reference Id
- 5969
- Herb2 Reference Id
- HBREF006766
- Subject Paper Key
- HBIN046280_34748921
- Pubmed Id
- 34748921
- Doi
- 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108898
- Paper Title
- Theobromine enhances the conversion of white adipocytes into beige adipocytes in a PPARγ activation-dependent manner
- Paper Abstract
- The adipocytes play an important role in driving the obese-state-white adipose tissue (WAT) stores the excess energy as fat, wherein brown adipose tissue (BAT) is responsible for energy expenditure via the thermoregulatory function of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-the imbalance between these two onsets obesity. Moreover, the anti-obesity effects of brown-like-adipocytes (beige) in WAT are well documented. Browning, the process of transformation of energy-storing into energy-dissipating adipocytes, is a potential preventive strategy against obesity and its related diseases. In the present study, to explore an alternative source of natural products in the regulation of adipocyte transformation, we assessed the potential of theobromine (TB), a bitter alkaloid of the cacao plant, inducing browning in mice (in vivo) and primary adipocytes (in vitro). Dietary supplementation of TB significantly increased skin temperature of the inguinal region in mice and induced the expression of UCP1 protein. It also increased the expression levels of mitochondrial marker proteins in subcutaneous adipose tissues but not in visceral adipose tissues. The microarray analysis showed that TB supplementation upregulated multiple thermogenic and beige adipocyte marker genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Furthermore, in mouse-derived primary adipocytes, TB upregulated the expression of the UCP1 protein and mitochondrial mass in a PPARγ ligand-dependent manner. It also increased the phosphorylation levels of PPARγ coactivator 1α without affecting its protein expression. These results indicate that dietary supplementation of TB induces browning in subcutaneous WAT and enhances PPARγ-induced UCP1 expression in vitro, suggesting its potential to treat obesity.
- Journal
- J Nutr Biochem
- Publish Year
- 2021
- Experiment Subject
- mouse; cacao
- Experiment Type
- Animal & Cell Experiment
- Phenotype Related
- Obesity
- Paper Title Cn
- Paper Title En
- Theobromine enhances the conversion of white adipocytes into beige adipocytes in a PPARγ activation-dependent manner
- Bilingual Status
- semi_complete